Sutomo (bung Tomo) Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia.(Dialihkan dari Sutomo, dr)Langsung ke: navigasi, cariUntuk tokoh pendiri Budi Utomo, lihat: Soetomo. Untuk kelompok sekolah di Kota Medan, lihat Perguruan Sutomo. Sutomo atau lebih dikenal dengan Bung Tomo.Sutomo (lahir di Surabaya 3 Oktober 1920, meninggal di Makkah, 7 Oktober 1981) lebih dikenal dengan sapaan akrab oleh rakyat sebagai Bung Tomo, adalah pahlawan yang terkenal karena peranannya dalam membangkitkan semangat rakyat untuk melawan kembalinya penjajah Belanda melalui tentara NICA, yang berakhir dengan pertempuran 10 November 1945 yang hingga kini diperingati sebagai Hari Pahlawan. Sutomo dilahirkan di Kampung Blauran, di pusat kota Surabaya. Ayahnya bernama Kartawan Tjiptowidjojo, seorang kepala keluarga dari kelas menengah. Ia pernah bekerja sebagai pegawai pemerintahan, sebagai staf pribadi di sebuah perusahaan swasta, sebagai asisten di kantor pajak pemerintah, dan pegawai kecil di perusahan ekspor-impor Belanda. Ia mengaku mempunyai pertalian darah dengan beberapa pendamping dekat Pangeran Diponegoro yang dikebumikan di Malang. Ibunya berdarah campuran Jawa Tengah, Sunda, dan Madura. Ayahnya adalah seorang serba bisa. Ia pernah bekerja sebagai polisi di kotapraja, dan pernah pula menjadi anggota Sarekat Islam, sebelum ia pindah ke Surabaya dan menjadi distributor loal untuk perusahaan mesin jahit Singer. Daftar isi [sembunyikan]1 Masa muda 2 Perjuangan 3 Setelah kemerdekaan 4 Pranala luar [sunting] Masa mudaSutomo dibesarkan di rumah yang sangat menghargai pendidikan. Ia berbicara dengan terus terang dan penuh semangat. Ia suka bekerja keras untuk memperbaiki keadaan. Pada usia 12 tahun, ketika ia terpaksa meninggalkan pendidikannya di MULO, Sutomo melakukan berbagai pekerjaan kecil-kecilan untuk mengatasi dampak depresi yang melanda dunia saat itu. Belakangan ia menyelesaikan pendidikan HBSnya lewat korespondensi, namun tidak pernah resmi lulus. Sutomo kemudian bergabung dengan KBI (Kepanduan Bangsa Indonesia). Belakangan Sutomo menegaskan bahwa filsafat kepanduan, ditambah dengan kesadaran nasionalis yang diperolehnya dari kelompok ini dan dari kakeknya, merupakan pengganti yang baik untuk pendidikan formalnya. Pada usia 17 tahun, ia menjadi terkenal ketika berhasil menjadi oarng kedua di Hindia Belanda yang mencapai peringkat Pandu Garuda. Sebelum pendudukan Jepang pada 1942, peringkat ini hanya dicapai oleh tiga orang Indonesia. [sunting] PerjuanganSutomo pernah menjadi seorang jurnalis yang sukses. Kemudian ia bergabung dengan sejumlah kelompok politik dan sosial. Ketika ia terpilih pada 1944 untuk menjadi anggota Gerakan Rakyat Baru yang disponsori Jepang, hampir tak seorang pun yang mengenal dia. Namun semua ini mempersiapkan Sutomo untuk peranannya yang sangat penting, ketika pada Oktober dan November 1945, ia berusaha membangkitkan semangat rakyat sementara Surabaya diserang habis-habisan oleh tentara-tentara NICA. Sutomo terutama sekali dikenang karena seruan-seruan pembukaannya di dalam siaran-siaran radionya yang penuh dengan emosi, "Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar!" Meskipun Indonesia kalah dalam pertempuran 10 November itu, kejadian ini tetap dicatat sebagai salah satu peristiwa terpenting dalam sejarah Indonesia. [sunting] Setelah kemerdekaanSetelah kemerdekaan Indonesia, Sutomo sempat terjun dalam dunia politik pada tahun 1950-an, namun ia tidak merasa bahagia dan kemudian menghilang dari panggung politik. Pada akhir masa pemerintahan Soekarno dan awal pemerintahan Suharto yang mula-mula didukungnya, Sutomo kembali muncul sebagai tokoh nasional. Namun pada awal 1970-an, ia kembali berbeda pendapat dengan pemerintahan Orde Baru. Ia berbicara dengan keras terhadap program-program Suharto sehinga pada 11 April 1978 ia ditahan oleh pemerintah Indonesia yang tampaknya khawatir akan kritik-kritiknya yang keras. Baru setahun kemudian ia dilepaskan oleh Suharto. Meskipun semangatnya tidak hancur di dalam penjara, Sutomo tampaknya tidak lagi berminat untuk bersikap vokal. Ia masih tetap berminat terhadap masalah-masalah politik, namun ia tidak pernah mengangkat-angkat peranannya di dalam sejarah perjuangan bangsa Indonesia. Ia sangat dekat dengan keluarga dan anak-anaknya, dan ia berusaha keras agar kelima anaknya berhasil dalam pendidikannya. Sutomo sangat bersungguh-sungguh dalam kehidupan imannya, namun tidak menganggap dirinya sebagai seorang Muslim saleh, ataupun calon pembaharu dalam agama. Pada 7 Oktober 1981 ia meninggal dunia di Makkah, ketika sedang menunaikan ibadah haji. Berbeda dengan tradisi untuk memakamkan para jemaah haji yang meninggal dalam ziarah ke tanah suci, jenazah Bung Tomo dibawa kembali ke tanah air dan dimakamkan bukan di sebuah Taman Makam Pahlawan, melainkan di Tempat Pemakaman Umum Ngagel di Surabaya.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia• Ten things you may not know about images on Wikipedia •Jump to: navigation, searchNasser redirects here. For other uses see Nasser (disambiguation)Gamal Abdel Nasser -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2nd President of Egypt In office16 January 1956 – September 28, 1970 Vice President(s) Anwar Sadat Preceded by Muhammad Naguib Succeeded by Anwar Sadat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Born January 15, 1918(1918-01-15)Alexandria Died September 28, 1970 Cairo Nationality Egyptian Political party Arab Socialist Union Spouse Tahia Kazem Religion Sunni Islam Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر - Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15, 1918 – September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death in 1970. Along with Muhammad Naguib he led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 which removed King Farouk I, heralding a new period industrialization in Egypt, and a profound advancement of Arab nationalism, including a short-lived union with Syria. Nasser inspired anti-colonial and pan-Arab revolutions in Algeria, Libya, Iraq, and Yemen and played a major role in founding the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1964, and the international Non-Aligned Movement. Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in Arab history, and in Developing World politics of the 20th century. He was well-known for his nationalist policies and his version of pan-Arabism also referred to as Nasserism, which won a great following in the Arab World during the 1950s and 1960s. Though his status as the "leader of the Arabs" was severely tarnished by the crippling Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six Day War of 1967, many in the general Arab populace still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom. Contents [hide]1 Early life 2 World War II 3 Revolution 4 Conflict with Naguib 5 Leader of Egypt 6 Domestic Policy 6.1 The new constitution 6.2 Growing opposition 6.3 Economy 6.3.1 Land reform 7 Foreign policy 7.1 Relationship with the Soviet Union 7.2 Suez Canal 7.3 Yemen War and Six Day War 8 Arab Leader 9 Resignation and aftermath 10 Death and funeral 11 Legacy 11.1 Nasserism 11.2 Aswan Dam 12 Family 13 References 14 Notes 15 Writings 16 External links [edit] Early life Gamal Abdel Nasser as a boy.On January 15, 1918, Gamal Abdel Nasser was born in Alexandria, the son of a postal worker from the fellahin town of Beni Mur near the city of Asyut in southern Egypt.[1][2] At the age of eleven he began attending the Ras-el-Tin secondary school in Alexandria, and he attended his first political demonstration while still at school. At that demonstration, Nasser was hit in the face by a police baton. He was then arrested and temporarily detained.[3] Nasser’s political involvement lasted throughout his school career, and became such a dominant part of his life that during his last year of secondary school, Nasser “spent only forty-five days actually in school”.[4] During that same period, 1935-1936, Nasser was elected chairman of a committee of Cairo secondary school students interested in Egyptian political reform.[5] Then, in March 1937, Nasser was admitted to the Egyptian Military Academy and, temporarily, abandoned his political activities in favor of studying to become an army officer. [edit] World War II Nasser carrying the battalion flag, 1940.In 1939, shortly after graduating and being commissioned in the army, Nasser and a friend volunteered to serve in Sudan (which was united with Egypt at the time) where they arrived shortly before the outbreak of World War II.[6] During the war, Nasser and Anwar Sadat, another friend and political ally, established contact with agents of the Axis powers, particularly several Italians, and planned a coup to coincide with an Italian offensive that would expel the British forces from Egypt. The plan, however, was never executed.[7] During the war, Nasser also began forming a group of other young military officers with strong Egyptian nationalist feelings who supported some form of revolution.[8] As Egypt remained officially neutral until long after the Axis defeat at the Battle of El Alamein, the Egyptian military did not participate in the war. Nasser's first experience on the battlefield was in Palestine during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when Egyptian forces secured the area known as the Falluja Pocket. After the war, Nasser gained a post as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy in Cairo.[9] For the next several years, he worked to organize his group of other reform minded officers and recruit new members. After 1949, this group adopted the name “Free Officers”,[10] and “talked of ... freedom and the restoration of their country’s dignity”.[11] [edit] Revolution President Muhammad Naguib (center) sits beside Gamal Abd al-Nasser, 1953 photograph.By 1952, "Egypt was ripe for revolution."[12] Nasser and the Free Officers seized on this situation to launch the revolution they had long sought on July 23, 1952. That day the Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, police stations, and the army headquarters in Cairo. The coup installed General Muhammad Naguib, a hero from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, as President. In an important move, the newly installed government immediately assured Britain that it would respect British citizens and property in Egypt, greatly diminishing the possibility of intervention against the coup.[13] Nasser and his fellow revolutionaries also bowed to American pressure by allowing the deposed King Farouk and his family to “leave Egypt unharmed and ‘with honour’”.[14] After assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers were not interested in undertaking the day to day administration of the Egyptian government.[citation needed] Thus, the Free Officers passed power to Ali Maher, a long-time political insider, whom they appointed as Prime Minister. The Free Officers then formed the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council, which constituted the real power in Egypt, with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman.[15] However, the Revolutionary Council actually had strong ideological notions, and Maher was forced to resign on September 7, 1952 because he refused to support agrarian reform laws proposed by the Council. At that time, Naguib assumed full leadership as the new Prime Minister.[16] [edit] Conflict with NaguibIn June 1953, with land reform fully underway, Naguib announced the official abolition of the Egyptian monarchy and proclaimed himself President of the Republic of Egypt. After the establishment of the republic, Naguib and Nasser began to come into conflict with each other. These troubles culminated in Naguib’s resignation on February 23, 1954 from his posts as both President and Prime Minister.[17] The Revolutionary Command Council then “joyfully...proclaimed Nasser as Prime Minister”;[18] however, they selected no President at that time. Next, the Revolutionary Command Council placed Naguib under house arrest, hoping to prevent any chance that he would return to power.[19] The Revolutionary Command Council had overstepped its popular support in dealing with Naguib, and large numbers of citizens joined protests demanding that he be reinstated.[20] As a result of these demonstrations, a sizable group within the Revolutionary Command Council demanded that Nasser allow Neguib to return to the Presidency and then hold free elections to select a new President and Prime Minister. Nasser was forced to agree and Naguib reassumed the Presidency. Several days later, Nasser was forced to resign as Prime Minister in favor of Naguib, effectively destroying all progress that Nasser had made towards leadership.[21] [edit] Leader of EgyptAlthough it gave him no permanent position, Nasser did use his brief time as Prime Minister to “purge... pro-Naguib elements in the army”,[22] and over the next eight months he gradually forced Naguib from power. Finally, in October 1954, Nasser formally removed Naguib from power and established himself as the effective leader of Egypt. Nasser remained in power over Egypt for the next fifteen years with no major domestic challenges to his power.[23] Nasser's place in the Egyptian national consciousness was secured following the failed assassination attempt of October 26, 1954 and his own defiant response in the immediate aftermath. During a speech in Manshia Square, Alexandria, a volley of shots rang out. Unharmed, Nasser was heard shouting his defiance over the screams of the crowd. This event provided the final pretext for the removal of Naguib on the grounds of his supposed collaboration with the Muslim Brotherhood who were accused of the failed attempt. In the immediate aftermath numerous members of the Brotherhood were rounded up, Mahmoud Abdul Latif was found guilty of the attempt and the Brotherhood was, to all intents and purposes, crushed. There have subsequently been claims that the whole event was stage managed by Nasser and his supporters. Claims say that Nasser put Naguib under house arrest for years as he doubted Naguib's loyalty to him and his supporters. As he also had doubts about Naguib taking sides with the British military and against Nasser, Naguib continued under house arrest through Sadat's rule and was released early in Mubarak's rule. [edit] Domestic Policy [edit] The new constitutionThe story of Egypt's new constitution confirmed this view. The new charter which was announced on January 16 was the government's second attempt to replace arbitrary rule with constitutional government. A previous draft constitution, which had been framed by a commission of distinguished jurists and other experts, was rejected by the government. The substitute version published in January greatly strengthens the powers of the President of the Republic at the expense of the Legislature. Accordingly, the chief executive is to be elected for a period of six years and may be re-elected. He is to be nominated by a simple majority vote of the National Assembly and elected by a plebiscite. As part of his executive power, he is given the right to dissolve the Assembly, as well as to propose, approve, and veto new laws. His veto may be over-ridden by a two-thirds vote of the Legislature. The new constitution envisages free democratic elections. However, the old political parties have been dissolved and the formation of new ones is prohibited. Candidates for the first five-year term of the National Assembly were chosen exclusively from the lists of the single party, the Liberation Rally, now called the National Union, which is controlled by President Nasser's henchmen. The constitution nominally protects the citizen from arbitrary arrest, but in 1956 the Minister of the Interior was given the power for a 10-year period to arrest anybody charged with counter-revolutionary activity and to order his confinement at administrative discretion. The rights of free speech and free press are guaranteed under the new charter and, on June 19, Nasser announced that the state of martial law which had been imposed at the beginning of the revolution was ended and that press censorship would be lifted. However, Egyptian publications continue to be tightly controlled by the government. Press cables sent abroad must pass the censorship office and are screened for unfavorable news. The new Egyptian constitution in its preamble proclaims as its objectives "the eradication of imperialism, the extinction of feudalism, the destruction of capitalistic influence, and the establishment of a strong national army, of social justice, and of a sound democratic society." It declares Egypt to be a sovereign Arab state with Islam as its religion and Arabic as the official language of the country. On June 24, a plebiscite was held to ratify the new constitution and was overwhelmingly approved. Of a population of almost 22,000,000, a total of 5,697,467 persons registered and 5,488,225 or 99.8 per cent voted in favor of the new charter. Only 10,045 voted "No." At the same time, Premier Nasser was elected president by a still greater majority. He received 5,496,965 ballots or 99.9 per cent of the total vote. Those who marked their ballots with a red circle approved Premier Nasser's election to the Presidency of the Republic. A new election law, promulgated in March, made voting compulsory for all men and gave to the Egyptian women their option of voting. However, only 150,000 Egyptian women voted. The new election law, therefore, did little to improve the position of Egyptian women in public life and at home where, until now, their status has been little better than that of chattels. A few days later, after his election as president, Nasser reshuffled his cabinet and replaced several military members with civilians. On this occasion, he bestowed on eight of his military associates the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile, Egypt's highest decoration. [edit] Growing oppositionThe opposition to Nasser's regime inside Egypt was high during the period from 1962-1967. The economic decline under Nasser's last years as well as the suppression of the opposition increased his unpopularity between the educated class and the Al-Azhar University religious scholars. Two of the Al-Azhar Grand Imams were forced to resign because of their opposition to the regime. In 1961, Nasser issued a new Al-Azhar Law, limiting the power of the Al-Azhar Imams and giving the government power to appoint the Grand Imam instead of having him elected by the Al-Azhar scholars. In 1969, after a group of reformers and critics of the regime’s authoritarianism won an election for the board of the Egyptian Judges Club, the direct challenge posed by the vocal judicial leadership proved intolerable to the Nasser regime. Nasser responded with a series of measures subsequently referred to as the “massacre of the judiciary,” including the dismissal of over a hundred sitting judges [5]. [edit] EconomyThe Egyptian economy was dominated by private capital until the revolution of 1952, which replaced the monarchy with a republic. The new government began to reorganize the economy along socialist lines in the late 1950s. The state played an increasing role in economic development through its management of the agricultural sector after the land reforms of 1952 and 1961. These reforms limited the amount of land an individual or family could own. In the early 1960s the government nationalized much of the industrial, financial, and commercial sectors of the economy. Egyptian industry progressed very much during Nasser's rule. Capital Investment in industry and mining increased considerably. The National Production Council allocated the equivalent of $36,700,000 in 1954-1955 and $55,100,000 in 1955-1956 for developing electric power, industry, and mining. Private local investment, as reported by the Federation of Egyptian Industries, rose from $8,500,000 in 1953 to $18,000,000 in 1954. Foreign investment amounted to $2,000,000 in 1954, including $1,800,000 in the petroleum industry. There was also considerable growth in industrial production. Electricity consumption increased from 978,000,000 kW in 1952 to 1,339,000,000 kW in 1954. The cotton yarn output increased from 49,200 to 64,400 tons, and cotton fabric output increased from 157,800,000 meters to 240,900,000 meters. Cement production reached a new high of almost 1,500,000 tons. In the 50's, Several important power projects were under construction. Their total ultimate cost had been estimated at $166,000,000. The Talkha station had a capacity of 42,500 kW and supplied electricity to the Northern Nile region. The Northern Cairo station operated at a capacity of 60,000 kW. The Southern Cairo station, was planned to have a capacity of 120,000 kW. A thermal plant at El Tabinne was also planned, with a capacity of 45,000 kW used gases released from the projected steel factory of Helwan. Ongoing construction on the proposed Aswan Dam hydroelectric project aiming at a capacity of 345,000 kW which would supply energy to a nitrogen fertilizer plant. This plant, was to ba a major source of artificial fertilizer for Egyptian agriculture and was supposed to produce 370,000 tons of nitrate annually by 1960. On the other hand, construction of the giant steel mill at Helwan, 20 miles (32 km) south of Cairo, was proceeding very slowly. It was supposed to have an initial output capacity of 220,000 tons of steel. The plant was scheduled to start operation in 1957, but construction work had been lagging behind considerably because of engineering difficulties in the location chosen. Egypt's petroleum refining industry produced approximately 2,203,000 tons in refined products in 1956, but Egyptian domestic consumption amounted to 3,410,000 tons. There had been reports of new petroleum reserves discovered in the Sinai Peninsula and in the Suez desert at that period. In 1955, the country had a large deficit in its foreign trade balance, amounting to $126,000,000 as compared to $63,000,000 in the preceding year. As a result of this unfavorable trade balance, Egypt's gold and currency reserves dwindled rapidly, falling from $732,000,000 in 1954 to $594,000,000 in August 1956. The blocking of Egypt's sterling accounts abroad, after Nasser's seizure of the Suez Canal, aggravated the currency situation. In 1955, Egypt's balance of payments showed a deficit of $95,200,000. However, during the first half of 1956, Egypt increased its exports to $255,000,000 as compared to $186,000,000 during the corresponding period of 1955 and accordingly reduced its deficit to $40,880,000 as compared with $51,530,000 in 1955. Egypt continued to spend lavishly on the modernization of its armed forces. The Egyptian budget for the year 1955-1956 foresaw an outlay of £75,400,000 ($216,000,000) for defense as compared to £53,000,000 ($152,000,000) in 1954-1955. The Egyptian army of 200,000 had 50,000 first class combat troops. [edit] Land reformFinancial hurdles have considerably delayed the progress of the much publicized land reform which was the cornerstone of President Nasser's social program. The land reform as promulgated by the Revolutionary Command Council in 1952 proposed two basic steps to improve the lot of the Egyptian peasant: dramatic reduction of agricultural rents expropriation of all landed property-holdings above 200 feddâns (1 feddân = 1.038 acres) By the end of 1955, of the total of 567,000 feddâns subject to sequestration, 415,000 feddâns had been expropriated by the government. However, only a part of this land has been distributed among the small landholders, and the government held most of the expropriated land. By the end of the year 1955, 261,000 feddâns had been reallocated from the government reserve. In addition, 92,000 feddâns had been sold by large to small landowners just prior to the requisition. The government was attempting to organize the beneficiaries of this plan in cooperatives and also to continue the maintenance of the existing irrigation and drainage systems. The land reform of the revolutionary government had undoubtedly benefited the Egyptian peasantry. An Egyptian government source estimated that the new farmers have doubled their incomes, and that setting a limit on rents has reduced the total amount of land rent by $196,000,000.".[citation needed](Citation Needed....other than from a government source...this appears to be a political statement) [edit] Foreign policy [edit] Relationship with the Soviet Union Nasser and Khrushchev in May 1964The Suez Crisis also drove Egypt into a closer relationship with the Soviet Union.[24] As a part of this new relationship, the Soviets agreed to provide approximately one-third of the cost of the Aswan High Dam and provided four hundred technicians to aid in the construction.[25] Construction of the dam began on January 1, 1960[26] and was completed in 1970. Its reservoir was named Lake Nasser, honoring Nasser. As it was hoped, the dam was able to produce substantial electric power, 2.1 gigawatts, and is still standing today.[27] The Aswan Dam was not the only result of the Egyptian relationship with the USSR. As a result of Soviet influence and domestic factors, Nasser gradually began to move Egypt toward a socialist economic system, at least somewhat shaped by Marxism-Leninism. By 1962, this had led to a minimum 51% government ownership of virtually all Egyptian business.[28] During his official visit to Egypt on May 9-26, 1964, Nikita Khrushchev awarded Nasser the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin.[29] Most historians agree that Egypt under Nasser never truly reached socialism, and under Nasser’s successor, Anwar Sadat, the economy moved back to a more firmly capitalist system.[30] [edit] Suez CanalShortly before his full assumption of power, Nasser signed an agreement with Britain that provided for the withdrawal of all British uniformed military personnel from the Suez Canal Zone, although a small civilian force was allowed to temporarily remain. This agreement finally gave Egypt true full independence and ended tensions between Britain and Egypt.[31] Shortly after the treaty with the British, Nasser won forty million dollars in combined financial aid for economic development from the British and Americans.[32] The next year, 1955, the United States promised fifty-six million dollars, along with two-hundred million dollars through the World Bank, to aid in financing the construction of the Aswan High Dam[33] [1], which Nasser and his allies had begun planning shortly after the revolution. The planned dam would create the largest man-made lake in the world, generate electric power for much of Egypt, provide water for irrigation, and control flooding along the Nile River.[34] In September 1955 Nasser shocked the West by signing an arms deal with the Eastern bloc country Czechoslovakia. Consequently, in July 1956, the Western Powers retracted their financial offers, forcing Nasser to search for alternate methods to finance the dam.[35] On July 26, as part of a plan to raise money for the dam, and as a powerful reminder to the west that Egypt would do as it pleased, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal.[36] Nasser realized that the nationalization of the canal would provoke a strong reaction from the West, especially Britain and France that had major shareholdings of the Suez Canal. However, Nasser believed that Britain would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as “impossible”.[37] In early October, the United Nations Security Council met on the matter of the Suez Canal and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt’s right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships.[38] After this agreement, “Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent”.[39] France approached Israel and Britain secretly with a plan to gain control over the Suez canal. The plan was that Israel would finally counter attack the daily attacks on her from the Egyptian controlled Gaza strip.[citation needed] The Israelis were to seize the Sinai Peninsula and when they reached the Suez Canal British and French forces would enter as a buffer zone between the two countries and thus retake control over the Suez Canal. On October 29, Israeli forces moved into the Sinai Peninsula, and on October 31, a joint force from Britain and France entered the Canal Zone. President Eisenhower, however, was enraged by this secret plan he was not aware of, and the American government urged the three nations to withdraw their forces. On November 5, 1956, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of all-foreign forces from Egypt. Britain, France, and Israel complied, after Britain was forced "into a corner" by the United States threat of destabilizing the British economy and gradually removed their forces, ending what became known as the Suez Crisis.[40] Nasser was perceived as the hero and winner, this heightened his status as the leader of the Arab world. [edit] Yemen War and Six Day WarNasser had wanted a regime change in Yemen since 1957. Seeing an opportunity, he finally put his desires into motion in January 1962 by giving the Free Yemen Movement office space, financial support, and radio air time. Nasser saw opportunities in Yemen to settle a score with the Saudi royal family, who Nasser felt had undermined his union with Syria. Ambassador Ahmed Abu-Zeid, who served as Egypt's ambassador to Royalist Yemen from 1957 to 1961, warned Egyptian officials in Cairo that the Yemeni tribes were difficult and had no sense of loyalty or nationalism. The Ambassador was against sending Egyptian combat forces, arguing that only money and equipment be sent to the Yemeni Free Officers. Abu Zeid warned that the Saudis would flood Yemen with money to combat Egyptian presence and turn the revolution in Saudi Arabia's favor. Nasser refused Abu-Zeid's ideas and was adamant about the need to protect the Arab nationalist movement in Yemen with Egyptian military force. Nasser was convinced that a regiment of Egyptian Special Forces and a wing of fighter-bombers would be able to secure the Yemeni Republican coup d'etat. Within three months of sending troops to Yemen, Nasser realized that this would require a larger commitment than anticipated. By early 1963, he would begin a four-year quest to extricate Egyptian forces from Yemen, using an unsuccessful face-saving mechanism, only to find himself committing more troops. A little less than 5,000 troops were sent in October 1962. Two months later, Egypt had 15,000 regular troops deployed. By late 1963, the number was increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, the number rose to 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen. Late 1965 represented the high-water mark of Egyptian troop commitment in Yemen at 55,000 troops, which were divided into 13 infantry regiments of one artillery division, one tank division and several Special Forces as well as paratroop regiments. Egypt paid a very high price in the Yemen war and the Egyptian army sustained high losses during this war. Nasser and King Hussein of Jordan signing defense agreement.After the USSR informed Nasser of Israeli plans to attack Syria, Nasser, under pressure from the Arab world, sought to use the situation to boost his declining popularity. He sought the re-militarization of the Sinai peninsula and demanded that United Nations Emergency Force evacuate the Sinai, a request with which UN Secretary-General U Thant complied. Nasser then began to re-militarize the Sinai. On May 23, he closed the Straits of Tiran, through which Israel had gained access after the 1956 war, to Israeli shipping, blockading the Israeli port of Eilat at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, Israel's only access to the Indian Ocean. The closure was considered by Israel to be a casus belli. During this period, Nasser continually stated his intention to attack Israel, and declared that other Arab nations should support him. Israel responded preemptively to the imminent attack in what became known as the Six Day War. The first wave of attacks by the Israeli air force destroyed most of the Egyptian air forces on the ground. A withdrawal order was issued by the defense minister Abdel Hakim Amer which was a disaster to the Egyptian troops. Most of the Egyptian losses were during this withdrawal. The loss in the Six Day War was one of the most disastrous political blows in Egyptian history and a humiliation to the leaders and people of Egypt. Abdel Hakim Amer tried to overthrow Nasser in a couple of days after the war ended but he failed and was forced to commit suicide by taking poison.[41] [edit] Arab Leader Nasser with Yasser Arafat at first emergency Arab League Summit in Cairo hosted by Nasser. Nasser speaking to the masses in Homs, Syria, 1961.With his rhetoric and the Suez success, Nasser developed a following throughout the Arab world, inspiring "Nasserist" political parties dedicated to Arab unity. Many saw Nasser as the leader of the Arab world, representing a new, defiant era in Arabic politics. Nasser's policies became associated with Pan-Arabism, which promoted aggressive action by Arab states to confront the "imperialist" West, and urged that the resources of the Arab states should be used for the benefit of the Arab people and not the West. In a 1967 speech, Nasser declared, "We can achieve much by Arab action, which is a main part of our battle. We must develop and build our countries to face the challenge of our enemies." In 1958, Syrian military and civilian leaders requested a merger of Syria and Egypt. Somewhat surprised by the sudden request and unsure as to whether the time was ripe, Nasser nevertheless agreed and the United Arab Republic came into being. Many saw it as the first step towards the establishment of a pan-Arab state. Attempts were also made to include Yemen. However, the UAR was not a success; In Syria, Egyptian bureaucrats and officers were seen as acting dictatorially, and the rapidly expanded secret police harshly repressed opposition groups including the Muslim Brotherhood and the Syrian Communist Party. Meanwhile, the Syrian bourgeoisie did not gain the access to Egyptian markets that it had hoped for. Discontent among the Syrian bourgeoisie and officer corps led to secessionists taking control in Damascus, and the UAR was dissolved in 1961, although Egypt continued to use the name until 1971. Egyptian intervention in Yemen involved the UAR in a bloody civil war in that country. [edit] Resignation and aftermathThe humiliating defeat in the Six-Day War was so devastating that it compelled a domestic political reaction. On the evening of June 9, 1967 Nasser's resignation statement was broadcast live on Egyptian television and radio, in which Nasser declared that he was leaving the office of president to his then vice president Zakaria Mohieddin. “ "I have taken a decision with which I need your help. I have decided to withdraw totally and for good from any official post or political role, and to return to the ranks of the masses, performing my duty in their midst, like any other citizen. This is a time for action, not grief... My whole heart is with you, and let your hearts be with me. May God be with us – hope, light and guidance in our hearts." ” No sooner was the statement broadcast, however, than millions were pouring into the streets in mass demonstrations not only in Egypt but in streets across the Arab World. Their rejection of Abdel-Nasser's speech was expressed in a battle cry: "We shall fight".[citation needed] As a consequence, Nasser led Egypt through the War of Attrition in 1969-1970. In 1969, after a group of reformers and critics of the regime’s authoritarianism won an election for the board of the Egyptian Judges' Club, the direct challenge posed by the vocal judicial leadership proved intolerable to the Nasser regime. Nasser responded with a series of measures subsequently referred to as the “massacre of the judiciary,” including the dismissal of over a hundred sitting judges [5]. [edit] Death and funeralNasser died of a heart attack on September 28, 1970 at the conclusion of a meeting in Cairo of leaders of Arab countries regarding Israel[42] and of the Black September in Jordan. He suffered from hemochromatosis, or Bronze diabetes, a hereditary disease related to excessive iron in the body. Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, as a testament to what one would call the future of his influence, "men, women and children wept and wailed in the streets"[43] after hearing of his death. His funeral on October 1 was one of the largest in history, attended by an estimated five million people. The six-mile procession to his burial site began at the Revolutionary Command Council with MIG-21 jet fighters flying overhead. Emotions, which included telecasters crying on the air, boiled over in the 80-degree heat as thousands swarmed the soldiers who were carrying the coffin and began what was described as "the people's procession." Sadat, who had been interim President following Nasser's death, was officially selected to succeed him on October 5. [edit] Legacy [edit] NasserismMain article: NasserismNasser's legacy is much debated even today in the Arab World. For many people, he was a leader who reformed his country and re-established Arab pride both inside and outside it. Thus, many argue that Nasser freed Egypt from European domination and reformed its economy through his agrarian reform, projects such as the Aswan High Dam, and his moves towards greater government economic involvement. But others see his policy as one of forceful militarism that led Egypt to grave defeats and losses rather than peace and prosperity. In addition, Nasser's suppression of the political opposition and the massive expansion of the police and security apparatuses left a legacy of political repression exploited by his successors until the present. Nasser's role in the Six Day War, which led to tremendous losses for the Arab states, tarnished his legacy and reduced his power in the Middle East. In the last years of his rule, Nasser came to rely increasingly on aid from the Soviet Union. On the other hand, Nasser's role in modernizing Egypt's education system - making education freely available to the poorer masses, and his avid support of the arts, such as the theater, the film and music industries, as well as literature, is seen as having a positive impact on Egypt and the Arab world as a whole. Nasser inspired many Arab leaders and nationalists such as Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya, Saddam Hussein of Iraq and Ahmad Ben Bella of Algeria and George Habash of the Arab Nationalist Movement. [edit] Aswan DamOne of the most controversial of Nasser's achievements is the creation of the Aswan Dam and the eponymous lake in southern Egypt. Built to provide electricity for heavy industry and reduce the risk of flooding along the Nile River, the dam submerged most of Nubia's archeological remains (except the ones saved by UNESCO). It also created major ecological problems. The lake's huge surface lets a significant part of the Nile's water evaporate in vain, while the dam prevents sediment from enriching the delta soil. According to some agronomists, the Nile valley's agricultural productivity subsequently decreased. Still, the dam helped provide electric power to Egypt's then growing economy, and was essential in modernizing rural Egypt through the introduction of electricity. The dam also spared Egypt from many floods that plagued the countries through which the Nile flowed. [edit] FamilyNasser was married to Tahia Kazem (born 1920), who is the daughter of a humble clerk of Iranian origin. They had five children (three sons and two daughters): Khalid, Abdel Hakeem, Abdel Hameed, Hoda and Mona.[44] His elder daughter; Hoda Abd El Nasser, became a researcher in politics and a professor of Political Science in Cairo University. With her help, various rare documents were gathered, documented and displayed at Bibliotheca Alexandrina as well as on the internet. [2] His other daughter, Mona was married to Egyptian Billionaire, Ashraf Marwan until her husband's death in 2007. Ashraf has been long involved in military sales as well as espionage. He had long been suspected of being either an Israeli spy or a double agent. However, He was seen greeted warmly by current Egyptian President Mubarak in 2004, attended Gamal Mubarak's wedding in 2007 and hailed as a national hero by Mubarak after Marwan's death.Ashraf Marwan's son, Ahmed is married to Hania Moussa, daughter of Egypt's former minister of foreign affairs and current secretary general of the Arab League, Amr Moussa. [edit] References[1] Abdel-Malekh, Anouar. Egypt: Military Society. New York: Random House, 1968. [2] “Aswan High Dam”. Encyclopaedia of the Orient. 1996-2006. 25 March 2005 <http://lexicorient.com/e.o/aswandam.htm> [3] Copeland, Miles. The Game of Nations. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969. [4] Heikal, Mohamed. The Cairo Documents: The Inside Story of Nasser and His Relationship with World Leaders, Rebels, and Statesmen. New York: Doubleday, 1973. [5] Egypt’s Judges Step Forward <http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/PO17.borwn.FINAL.pdf> [6] Nutting, Anthony. Nasser. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1972. [7] Stephens, Robert Henry. Nasser; A Political Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972. [edit]

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Limbah Kali Bekasi Mulai Munculkan PenyakitMinggu, 25 Juli 2004 12:33 WIB TEMPO Interaktif, Bekasi:Dampak pencemaran limbah Kali Bekasi dan Kali Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) kini mulai dirasakan warga sekitar. Selain bau busuk yang menyebabkan penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan (ISPA) dan berkurangnya ikan di sungai, warga kini mulai mengeluhkan penyakit gatal pada kulit. Penelitian Dinas Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Bekasi membenarkan adanya pencemaran limbah cair oleh pabrik yang berada di aliran Kali Bekasi, CBL dan Citarum. Namun, Kepala Sub Dinas Pengendalian dan Pengawasan Dampak Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Bekasi Tirta Abdul Fatah belum memastikan nama pabrik dan tindakan yang akan dilakukan pihaknya, Minggu (25/7). Limbah cair yang mencemari sungai-sungai itu diketahui mengandung logam-logam berbahaya, seperti cuprum/tembaga (Cu), cromium/crom (Cr), zeng/seng (Zn), dan nikel (Ni). Bahkan, hasil penelitian terhadap kadar air diketahui sudah melewati batas kesehatan lingkungan hidup. Namun tingkat kandungan pencemaran air tidak disebutkan berapa besarnya. Kali Bekasi yang membentang dari Kota Bekasi sampai Kabupaten Bekasi dan melintasi beberapa kecamatan dalam tiga minggu terakhir makin tercemar limbah berbau, berwarna, beracun (B3). Sungai yang panjangnya sekitar 25 kilometer itu berubah hitam pekat. Menurut Dani, 40 tahun, salah seorang warga, perubahan warna mulai terjadi menjelang musim kemarau ini. Kali Bekasi yang sebelumnya dapat digunakan warga untuk cuci dan mandi, kini kondisinya mengkhawatirkan. "Biasanya kalau mau kemarau, air sungai berubah, mungkin ini mainan pabrik di atas yang buang limbah," kata dia. Padahal, kata pencari ikan yang tinggal di Kampung Baru, Pangkalan Desa Kedung Pengawas ini, Kali Bekasi merupakan salah satu sungai yang menjadi sumber mata pencaharian dan sumber air bersih yang sebagian digunakan warga untuk kebutuhan irigasi pertanian. Selain itu, dengan adanya sungai ini juga memunculkan mata pencaharian bagi para penarik perahu eretan. Dengan dibiarkannya pencemaran air sungai oleh Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Pemerintah Bekasi, membuat warga khawatir dampak terhadap kesehatan dan ekonomi makin meluas. Adanya perubahan pada air sungai yang hitam pekat itu dirasakan sendiri oleh Dani. Misalnya, setelah selesai mencari ikan di sungai, kulitnya berubah kemerahan dan gatal-gatal. Padahal, sebelum air sungai itu berubah kehitaman tiga minggu terakhir, tidak pernah terjadi reaksi kegatalan pada kulit. Siswanto - Tempo News Room

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Limbah Kali Bekasi Mulai Munculkan PenyakitMinggu, 25 Juli 2004 12:33 WIB TEMPO Interaktif, Bekasi:Dampak pencemaran limbah Kali Bekasi dan Kali Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) kini mulai dirasakan warga sekitar. Selain bau busuk yang menyebabkan penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan (ISPA) dan berkurangnya ikan di sungai, warga kini mulai mengeluhkan penyakit gatal pada kulit. Penelitian Dinas Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Bekasi membenarkan adanya pencemaran limbah cair oleh pabrik yang berada di aliran Kali Bekasi, CBL dan Citarum. Namun, Kepala Sub Dinas Pengendalian dan Pengawasan Dampak Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Bekasi Tirta Abdul Fatah belum memastikan nama pabrik dan tindakan yang akan dilakukan pihaknya, Minggu (25/7). Limbah cair yang mencemari sungai-sungai itu diketahui mengandung logam-logam berbahaya, seperti cuprum/tembaga (Cu), cromium/crom (Cr), zeng/seng (Zn), dan nikel (Ni). Bahkan, hasil penelitian terhadap kadar air diketahui sudah melewati batas kesehatan lingkungan hidup. Namun tingkat kandungan pencemaran air tidak disebutkan berapa besarnya. Kali Bekasi yang membentang dari Kota Bekasi sampai Kabupaten Bekasi dan melintasi beberapa kecamatan dalam tiga minggu terakhir makin tercemar limbah berbau, berwarna, beracun (B3). Sungai yang panjangnya sekitar 25 kilometer itu berubah hitam pekat. Menurut Dani, 40 tahun, salah seorang warga, perubahan warna mulai terjadi menjelang musim kemarau ini. Kali Bekasi yang sebelumnya dapat digunakan warga untuk cuci dan mandi, kini kondisinya mengkhawatirkan. "Biasanya kalau mau kemarau, air sungai berubah, mungkin ini mainan pabrik di atas yang buang limbah," kata dia. Padahal, kata pencari ikan yang tinggal di Kampung Baru, Pangkalan Desa Kedung Pengawas ini, Kali Bekasi merupakan salah satu sungai yang menjadi sumber mata pencaharian dan sumber air bersih yang sebagian digunakan warga untuk kebutuhan irigasi pertanian. Selain itu, dengan adanya sungai ini juga memunculkan mata pencaharian bagi para penarik perahu eretan. Dengan dibiarkannya pencemaran air sungai oleh Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Pemerintah Bekasi, membuat warga khawatir dampak terhadap kesehatan dan ekonomi makin meluas. Adanya perubahan pada air sungai yang hitam pekat itu dirasakan sendiri oleh Dani. Misalnya, setelah selesai mencari ikan di sungai, kulitnya berubah kemerahan dan gatal-gatal. Padahal, sebelum air sungai itu berubah kehitaman tiga minggu terakhir, tidak pernah terjadi reaksi kegatalan pada kulit. Siswanto - Tempo News Room

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KALI BEKASI AKAN DINORMALISASI Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Djoko Kirmanto mengatakan normalisasi Kali Bekasi akan dilakukan guna memperbesar kemampuan Kali Bekasi menampung debit dan volume air Kali Bekasi yang cukup besar ketika musim hujan datang. “Besarnya pelebaran tergantung dari desain yang akan dibuat mulai tahun depan. Saya berharap apabila Kali Bekasi bisa dilebarkan khususnya di muara sungai, air dapat mengalir lebih cepat ke laut, tentunya disamping dilakukannya pengerukan” jelas Menteri PU Djoko Kirmanto saat meninjau perkuatan tebing Kali Bekasi di Perumahan Villa Nusa Indah, Bekasi, Selasa (6/11). Perkuatan tebing di Kali Bekasi sendiri cukup dirasakan manfaatnya bagi warga yang tinggal di perumahan yang berada di sekitar Kali Bekasi untuk terhindar dari banjir besar. Meski demikian air masih saja melimpas karena debit dan volume air yang masuk Kali Bekasi dari Kali Cikeas dan Kali Cileungsi cukup besar. Dalam kunjungan tersebut, Menteri PU Djoko Kirmanto terkesan dengan komunikasi radio yang digunakan warga sebagai early warning system atau peringatan dini terjadinya bahaya banjir sehingga resiko kehilangan nyawa dan kerugian harta benda yang lebih besar dapat dihindari. Dengan komunikasi radio, apabila ketinggian muka air Kali Cileungsi mencapai 400 meter, maka warga diberitahu untuk memindahkan harta bendanya ke tempat yang aman karena dalam waktu empat jam, permukiman mereka akan tergenang. “Ketika banjir tahun 2006 banyak harta benda warga yang tergenang termasuk 350 mobil tergenang, namun ketika banjir lebih besar terjadi tahun 2007 ini warga sudah memindahkannya ke tempat aman sehingga tidak ada mobil yang terendam” kata Agus, warga Villa Nusa Indah. Selain mengunjungi Kali Bekasi Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Djoko Kirmanto yang didampingi Dirjen Sumber Daya Air Iwan Nursyirwan, Direktur Sungai Danau dan Waduk Widagdo, Kepala Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung Cisadane Pitoyo Soebandrio dan sejumlah wartawan juga melihat normalisasi Kali Pesanggrahan di Komplek Deplu, Rehabilitasi Situ Babakan di Gunung Putri, Bogor serta rehabilitasi Situ Cihuni di Tangerang yang memiliki luas 324.000 meter persegi. Menurut Djoko, sebanyak 6 situ akan direhabilitasi sehingga bisa menampung air ketika musim hujan datang. Rehabilitasi Situ tidak bisa selesai dalam satu tahun tetapi harus dilakukan setiap tahun dan dibarengi dengan konservasi sehingga bisa berfungsi maksimal. (pu-net/gt)

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Info soal Infrastruktur daerah tertinggal

Pearan Infrastruktur Dalam Percepatan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal
Oleh Ir Lucky H Korah, Msi
(Deputi Bidang peningkatan Infrastuktur Kementrian Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal )

Infrastruktur merupakan instrumen yang sangat berperan dalam mempercepat pembangunan daerah tertinggal. Dalam peranannya yang demikian strategis dalam mengurangi ketersisolasian daerah, meningkatkan kualitas SDM dan pengembangan ekonomi lokal, maka infrastruktur selalu diidentikan sebagai mesin penggerak utama yang dirinya akan menjadi pemicu pertumbuhan sektor perekonomian dan pemicu perkembangan daerah tertinggal.
Infrastruktur juga mampu menyerap tenaga kerja, meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat dan memobilisasi modal dan faktor produksi, sehingga kegiatan produksi semakin tumbuh dan berkembang. Dengan peranannya yang demikian strategis, maka infrastruktur dapat merjadi salah satu penentu tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat.
Itu sebanya dalam RPJM tahun 2004-2009 ditekankan mengenai prioritas pembangunan infrastruktur dilaksanakan dengan mempertimbangkan kriteria: (1) Menciptakan banyak lapangan kerja, langsung maupun tidak langsung; (2) menunjang pembangunan ekonomi wilayah; (3) Menciptakan manfaat ekonomi secara besar-besaran pada masyarakat di sekitar proyek infrastruktur; dan (4) Layak secara ekonomis dan finansial sehingga menarik investor dalam maupun luar negeri.
Penyediaan infrastruktur di daerah tertinggal harus pula memperhatikan karakteristik, citra, dan sebaran daerah tertinggal, sebab dengan mengakomodasi tipologi dan karateristik masing-masing daerah, maka penyediaan infrastruktur menjadi tepat sasaran dan sesuai kebutuhan.

Sebaran dan Ciri Daerah Tertinggal
Sebaran daerah tertinggal di Indonesia perlu ditelaah karena dalam pembangunan infrastruktur, kedaaan gegrafis, tifologi dan kondisi sosial masyarakat perlu diperhitungkan. Berikut ini dijelaskan mengenai sebaran daerah tertinggal di Indonesia antara lain:
(1) Daerah yang terletak di wilayah pedalaman, tepi hutan, dan pengunungan yang pada umumnya tidak atau belum memiliki akses ke daerah lain yang relatif lebih maju. Daerah ini dicirikan oleh: aksesibilitas tak ada; sarana dan prasarana sosial ekonomi tak ada; aktivitas sosial dan ekonomi terbatas secara hukum untuk mencegah kerusakan hutan; tidak ada pembinaan daerah instansi yang berwenang; tempat hunian komunitas ada terpencil; produksi rendah untuk keperluan sendiri dan teknologi sederhana; hunian terpencar dalam jarak yang jauh.
(2) Daerah yang terletak di pulau-pulau kecil, gugusan pulau yang berpenduduk dan memiliki kesulitan akses ke daerah lain yang lerbih maju serta daerah yang sebagian besar wilayahnya berupa pesisir. Daerah ini dicirikan oleh sebagian besar nelayan tradisional dan buruh nelayan; terjadi keadaan tangkap lebih (overs fishing); terbatasnya sarana dan prasarana sosial ekonomi; pola kehidupan sangat tergantung pada lingkuangan laut; keterkaitan terhadap pemilik modal/kapal sangat tinggi.
Dengan ciri daerah tertinggal seperti yang disebutkan di atas maka akan teridentifikasi mengenai kebutuhan pembangunan infrastruktur di daerah yang tertinggal.

Kondisi Eksisting Infrastruktur Daerah Tetinggal

Kondisi Eksisting Infrastruktur Sosial;
Dari analisa data, persebaran SDN di dearah tertinggal sebanyak 351.279 ruang kelas, kondisi baik; 148.687 ruang kelas, kondisi ruang ringan; 119.234 ruang kelas dan kondisi rusak berat; 83.318 ruang kelas; sedangkan kondisi SMP di daerah tetinggal: 50.115 ruang kelas, kondisi baik: 41.095 ruang kelas, kondisi rusak rungan/berat sebanyak 9.020 ruang kelas.
Demikian juga sarana kesehatan memperlihatkan bahwa jumlah Puskesmas saat ini sebanyak 7333 unit, Pustu sebanyak 22.053 dan Polindes sebayak 28.558 unit. Jika jumlah sarana kesehatan di pedesaan ini disandingkan dengan jumlah desa/kelurahan di Indonesia yang mencapai 69.730 maka dapat dipastikan bahwa Polindes (28.558) tidak tersedia secara merata. Artinya hampir separuh dari desa/kelurahan di Indonesia tidak memiliki sarana kesehatan. Sedangkan penyediaan air bersih, menurut hasil kajian kantor Menko Perekonomian Mencatat bahwa jumlah rumah tangga di pedesaan yang tidak mempunyai akses ke sumber air bersih mencapai 30,88 persen.

Kondisi Eksisting Infrastruktur Transportasi
Panjang jalan nasional di daerah tertinggal yang kondisinya rusak ringan sekitar 1.845,6 km dan rusak berat sekitar 19.260 km. sedangkan panjang jalan provinsi yang rusak ringan sekitar 5.507,5 km dan rusak besar sekitar 7.847,2 km. Total biaya pemeliharaan jalan rusak ringan diperkirakan membutuhkan anggaran sekitar Rp2,26 triliun, sedangkan yang rusak berat membutuhkan anggaran sekitar Rp10,9 triliun. Di sektor transportasi laut, dari tahun ke tahun telah menunjukan adanya peningkatan infrastruktur transportasi di daerah tertinggal, namun dari segi angkutan barang, hal itu masih menjadi masalah.
Kondisi Eksisting Infrastruktur Energi (Listrik)
Sampai dengan tahun 2005 sekitar 12.618 desa di Indonesia yang belum mendapat aliran listrik. Sekitar 50 persen berada di daerah tertinggal yang sangat sulit dijangkau karena lokasinya sangat terpencil dan tersebar. Oleh sebab itu perlu memanfaatkan sumber energi dan terbarukan untuk menyuplai listrik dari pedesaan melalui Program Desa Mandiri Energi dan memanfaatkan sumber energi lokal seperti: Mikrohidro, Angin dan Surya.
Kondisi Eksisting Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi
Saat ini seluruh Indonesia hanya terdapat tujuh juta sambungan telepon atau sekitar tiga sambungan per seratus penduduk. Dengan angka tersebut teledensitas di daerah pedesaan memiliki angka yang sangat rendah. Untuk mengatasi rendahnya teledensitas di daerah pedesaan dan sekaligus membuka isolasi informasi di pedesaan. Maka pemerintah telah membuka pelayanan fasilitas telepon melalui program Univesal Service Obligation dan konsep satu desa satu fatsel. Selain itu, melaksanakan pembangunan telekomunikasi di daerah-daerah yang kurang drofitable sehingga merakan pembangunan prasarana telekomunikasi dapat terjamin.
Kondisi Eksisting Infrastruktur Ekonomi
Sekitar 1,5 juta ha dari 6,7 juta ha jaringan irigasi dalam kondisi rusak ringan dan berat, sedangkan pemerintah hanya mampu menyediakan anggaran sekitar 40-50 persen. Selain itu, sekitar 15 ribu-20 ribu ha per tahun lahan pertanian beririgasi teknis beralih fungsi (konversi) menjadi lahan non pertanian. kerusakan jaringan irigasi terbanyak berada di wilayah Sumatera dan Jawa yang merupakan lumbung padi nasional.

Upaya-upaya yang dilajaukan Kemterian PDT
Pemerintah SBY-JK memiliki Political Will untuk membangun daerah tertingal. Hal ini dibuktikan antara lain dengan meningkatnya alokasi anggaran infrastruktur yang masuk di daerah tertinggal dibandingkan tahun-tahun sebelumnya yang diperkirakan sekitar Rp12 triliun atau sekitar 23 persen dari alokasi anggaran infrastruktur tahun 2007 telah masuk di daerah tertinggal.
Hal ini antara lain dapat dilihat pada program infrastruktur pedesaan sejak tahun 2005-2007, setiap desa memperoleh Rp250 juta dan desa-desa yang mendapat bantuan tersebut sekitar 70 persen sampai 90 persen berada di daerah tertinggal. Demikian juga program USO yang mencakup 18 ribu desa yang dilaksanakan tahun 2007 sekitar 70 persen diantaranya berada di daerah tertinggal.
Upaya peningkatan infrastruktur di daerah untuk mengatasi kondisi eksisting infrastruktur seperti dirasakan di atas, maka Kementrian PDT diamanatkan mengemban tugas dalam merumuskan kebijakan dan koordinasi pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang pembangunan daerah tertinggal (sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 9 tahun 2005 Tentang Tugas dan Fungsi Kementrian Negara PDT).
Hasil yang diperoleh dari koordinasi pelaksanaan kebijakan pembangunan infrastrukur di daerah tertinggal antara lain semakin meningkatknya alokasi anggaran pembangunan infrastruktur transportasi, infrastruktur informasi dan komunikasi yang masuk di daerah tertinggal.
KPDT akan terus berupaya dan berkoordinasi dengan sektor agar program sektor berpihak ke daerah tertinggal. Sedangkan untuk melaksanakan fungsi operasionalisasi, maka beradsarkan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 90 Tahun 2006, Kemeneg PDT menjalankan operasional kebijakan di bidang bantuan infrastruktur pedesaan mengemban ekonomi lokal, pemberdayaan masyarakat.
Fungsi koordinasi dan operasionalisasi yang dijalankan oleh Kementrian PDT, lewat Deputi Bidang Peningkatan Infrastruktur Transportasi, infotel, sosial, ekonomi, dan energi. Infrastruktur tersebut dipandang sangat vital dan sangat strategis untuk membuka keterisolasian daerah tertinggal dan menggerakan ekonomi lokal dan mengangkat desa dan masyarakatnya dari ketertinggalan. Program pembangunan dan mengangkat desa dan masyarakatnya dari ketertinggalan. Program pembangunan infrastruktur tidak hanya mengandalkan sumber daya pendanaan dari KPDT, tapi dengan kewenangan yang dimilikinya, KPDT berupaya menjadi fasilitator, koordinator, dan akselerator untuk memperjuangkan program infrastruktur agar lebih banyak masuk ke daerah tertinggal.
Program KPDT hanya berupa dana stimulan yang akan memberikan dorongan kepada masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi mendukung dana yang ada melalui pemberdayaan organisasi masyarakat setempat (OMS) sehingga pembangunan infrastruktur dapat berkelanjutan, karena operasionalisasi dan pemeliharaan infrastruktur yang telah dibangun dapat dijalankan oleh masyarakat setempat.
Sebagai gambaran sejak tahun 2006-2007 PLTS yang telah dan akan dibangun sebanyak 90 kabupaten, demikian juga PLTB/Angin di tiga kabupaten, PLTMH (sekitar 25 kw) di sembilan kabupaten, dan beberapa kegiatan seperti irigasi desa, jalan desa, dermaga, perahu nelayan, air bersih dan lain-lain. Tentunya percepatan pembangunan infrastruktur di daerah tertinggal akan berhasil jika semua stakeholder (pemerintah pusat, provinsi, kabupaten, swasta dan masyarakat) bersinergi.

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Info Tentang daerah Tertinggal

Percepatan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Khusus (P2DTK)

Latar Belakang
Agenda utama Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu 2004-2009 mencakup tiga agenda pokok yang difokuskan untuk pencapaian: 1) Aman (peace), 2) Adil (justice) dan Demokrasi (Democracy), dan 3) Sejahtera (Prosperity). Masing-masing agenda utama tersebut dijabarkan lebih lanjut ke dalam kerangka prioritas yang menjadi landasan penyelenggaraan program kerja dari seluruh jajaran Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu pada lima tahun ke depan.

Program prioritas yang terkait dengan percepatan pembangunan daerah tertinggal dan daerah khusus di Indonesia meliputi 1) harmoni sosial yang meliputi perbaikan proses desentralisasi, turut serta menjaga dan menanggulangi keamanan dalam negeri dari gerakan-gerakan separatisme, konflik SARA, harmonisasi dan integrasi sosial. 2) agenda dan program Keadilan, Hukum, dan HAM akan bersinggungan dengan keadilan sosial dan persamaan kesempatan, 3) agenda dan program Demokrasi yang bersinggungan dengan perwujudan masyarakat madani (civil society) seperti pemberdayaan masyarakat dan peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembangunan, 4) agenda dan program Ekonomi dan Kesejahteraan akan bersinggungan dengan memacu pertumbuhan ekonomi, meningkatkan peran sektor riil dan dunia usaha, mengurangi tingkat pengangguran dan kemiskinan, memacu pembangunan infrastruktur, menggalakkan dan menggerakkan investasi dan peningkatan kualitas hidup, pendidikan, kesehatan dan lingkungan hidup.

Pembangunan daerah tertinggal merupakan upaya terencana untuk mengubah suatu wilayah yang dihuni oleh komunitas dengan berbagai permasalahan sosial, ekonomi dan keterbatasan fisik, menjadi daerah yang maju dengan komunitas yang kualitas hidupnya sama dengan masyarakat Indonesia lainnya. Pembangunan daerah tertinggal tidak hanya meliputi pembangunan aspek ekonomi, tetapi juga aspek sosial, budaya, dan keamanan. Di samping itu kesejahteraan kelompok masyarakat yang hidup di daerah tertinggal memerlukan perhatian dan keberpihakan yang besar dari pemerintah.

Berdasarkan hal tersebut diatas, diperlukan program pembangunan yang lebih difokuskan pada upaya percepatan pembangunan di daerah yang kondisi sosial, ekonomi, keuangan daerah, aksesibilitas, serta ketersediaan infrastruktur masih tertinggal. Kondisi tersebut pada umumnya terdapat pada daerah yang secara geografis terisolir dan terpencil seperti daerah perbatasan antar negara, pulau-pulau kecil, pedalaman, serta rawan bencana alam dan bencana sosial.

Melalui Program Percepatan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Khusus, Pemerintah Pusat memfasilitasi Pemerintah Daerah untuk melakukan pembangunan dan pengembangan daerah-daerah tertinggal dan khusus. Strategi pembangunan dan pengembangan daerah-daerah tertinggal dan khusus adalah dengan memperkuat kapasitas Pemerintah Kabupaten serta memperkuat proses perencanaan partisipatif. Dengan demikian diharapkan Pemerintah Daerah akan mampu mengakomodasi kebutuhan masyarakat.

T u j u a n
Secara umum Program P2DTK bertujuan untuk membantu Pemerintah Daerah dalam mempercepat pemulihan dan pertumbuhan sosial ekonomi daerah-daerah tertinggal dan khusus.
Sedangkan secara Khusus Program Percepatan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Khusus bertujuan untuk :
Meningkatkan kapasitas Pemerintah Daerah dalam memfasilitasi pembangunan partisipatif. Memberdayakan masyarakat dan lembaga-lembaga masyarakat dalam perencanaan pembangunan partisipatif terutama bidang kesehatan ,pendidikan, dan ekonomi.
Melembagakan pelaksanaan pembangunan partisipatif untuk menjamin pemenuhan kebutuhan sosial dasar (pendidikan, kesehatan), infrastruktur, penguatan hukum, capacity building, serta penciptaan iklim investasi dan iklim usaha.
Memperbesar akses masyarakat terhadap keadilan.
Meningkatkan kemudahan hidup masyarakat terutama keluarga miskin melalui penyediaan dan pemeliharaan sarana dan prasarana sosial ekonomi.

Sasaran Lokasi
Sasaran lokasi adalah kabupaten-kabupaten yang telah ditetapkan dalam Strategi Nasional Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal sesuai dengan Keputusan Menteri Negara Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal Nomor : 001/Kep/M-PDT/02/2005 yang meliputi:

a. Daerah Tertinggal:
Adalah kabupaten yang masyarakat serta wilayahnya relatif kurang berkembang dibandingkan daerah lain dalam skala nasional. Secara terperinci daerah kabupaten tersebut memiliki ciri: tertinggal secara ekonomi, sumber daya manusia, prasarana/ infrastruktur, kemampuan keuangan lokal (celah fiskal), aksesibilitas, dan karakteristik daerah yang kurang mendukung.

b. Daerah Khusus dan Perbatasan:
Adalah kabupaten yang mengalami bencana alam, bencana sosial serta daerah yang ada di perbatasan dengan Negara lain.

Sasaran Kelompok
Kelompok yang menjadi sasaran program meliputi:
a. Pemerintah daerah
b. Komunitas dan masyarakat
c. Lembaga sosial kemasyarakatan

Pendekatan
P2DTK merupakan program stimulasi yang berfungsi untuk melakukan percepatan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang ditujukan kepada masyarakat di daerah tertinggal dan khusus melalui pendekatan pemberdayaan dan keswadayaan masyarakat. Dalam hal ini, P2DTK menggunakan pendekatan dan prinsip pengelolaan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat penerima manfaat. P2DTK memberi bantuan dana stimulan berupa dana hibah dengan proses pencairan yang cepat, bantuan pendampingan dan bantuan teknis yang dikoordinasikan baik di tingkat pusat, provinsi, kabupaten, kecamatan sampai tingkat desa.

Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah:
Peningkatan kapasitas, diarahkan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas kelembagaan dan sumber daya manusia pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat.
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, diarahkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat untuk berperan aktif dalam kegiatan-kegiatan pembangunan sosial, budaya dan ekonomi.
Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal, diarahkan untuk mengembangkan ekonomi daerah dengan didasarkan pada potensi sumberdaya lokal, baik melalui pemerintah daerah, sektor swasta dan kelembagaan/ organisasi yang berbasis masyarakat setempat.
Perluasan kesempatan/akses terhadap pelayanan pembangunan, yang diarahkan untuk membuka keterisolasian dengan menghubungkan daerah-daerah tertinggal dengan pusat pertumbuhan

Prinsip Pengelolaan
Prinsip pengelolaan kegiatan P2DTK yaitu:
Desentralisasi, artinya memberikan kewenangan dan tanggung jawab pengelolaan Program P2DTK kepada Pemerintah Daerah khususnya pemerintah kabupaten.( sesuai dengan UU No.32 Th 2004 dan UU No.33 Th 2004).
Partisipatif, artinya mendorong keterlibatan masyarakat secara luas dan aparat pemerintah secara aktif dalam proses perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan kegiatan pembangunan.
Prioritas, artinya pengelolaan kegiatan yang didanai berdasarkan prioritasnya dengan mengutamakan kebutuhan masyarakat miskin, musyawarah, dan perdamaian dalam pengambilan keputusan.
Non diskriminatif, artinya pelaku dan penerima manfaat program tidak dibedakan baik dari segi suku, agama, ras, dan golongan masyarakat tertentu.
Terbuka, artinya informasi pengelolaan kegiatan dapat diakses dan diketahui oleh masyarakat luas dan semua pihak.
Kearifan Lokal, artinya memperhatikan adat istiadat dan budaya yang ada sebagai suatu kearifan tradisional yang terdapat dalam masyarakat.
Terpadu, artinya pengelolaan kegiatan dilakukan secara terpadu dalam satu kesatuan sistem dengan kegiatan pembangunan lainnya.
Berwawasan lingkungan, artinya harus mempertimbangkan dampak kegiatan terhadap kondisi lingkungan, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya baik jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang.
Dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, artinya pengelolaan kegiatan harus dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kepada masyarakat.
Berkelanjutan, artinya pengelolaan kegiatan memastikan terjadinya pemeliharaan dan pengembangan hasil-hasil pembangunan, penguatan kelembagaan serta terjadi proses penguatan mekanisme pembangunan reguler.

Mekanisme Pengelolaan
Mekanisme pengelolaan P2DTK meliputi: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pemantauan, evaluasi dan pelaporan, pengendalian, pengawasan dan pengorganisasian.
1. Perencanaan
Perencanaan dalam P2DTK meliputi: kebijakan umum, penentuan lokasi sasaran dan penentuan alokasi dana bantuan.

a. Kebijakan umum adalah ketentuan-ketentuan umum yang menjadi acuan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan.
b. Penentuan sasaran lokasi adalah penentuan Kabupaten dan kelompok masyarakat sasaran yang dimulai dari tingkat nasional dengan menetapkan ancar-ancar lokasi kabupaten atas dasar kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Ancar-ancar ini untuk membantu Provinsi dalam hal koordinasi dan prioritas Kabupaten.
c. Usulan lokasi Kabupaten prioritas ditentukan di provinsi, sedangkan penetapan lokasi Kecamatan sasaran dilakukan bersama antara Tim Koordinasi Pusat, Tim Koordinasi Provinsi, dan Tim Koordinasi Kabupaten.
d. Penetapan alokasi dana bantuan, yaitu Pemerintah Pusat dalam hal ini Bappenas dan Departemen Keuangan menerbitkan Daftar Isian Penggunaan Anggaran (DIPA) dengan lampiran daftar Kabupaten yang mendapat dana bantuan.

2. Pelaksanaan
Pelaksanaan meliputi persiapan pelaksanaan, pelaksanaan dan pelestarian manfaat kegiatan.
a. Persiapan Pelaksanaan
Kegiatan persiapan pelaksanaan adalah kegiatan sosialisasi dan pelatihan bagi pihak-pihak yang terlibat agar terdapat kesamaan tujuan, pendekatan dan prinsip serta koordinasi dan keselarasan sebelum P2DTK dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat
b. Pelaksanaan
Pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan oleh masyarakat atau bekerjasama dengan lembaga masyarakat setempat maupun pemerintah daerah dan dimusyawarahkan dalam forum-forum musyawarah pembangunan mulai dari desa, kecamatan dan kabupaten. Pilihan sasaran penerima manfaat dan jenis kegiatan didasarkan pada hasil identifikasi kebutuhan masyarakat khususnya kegiatan-kegiatan yang memiliki ruang lingkup dan pemanfaat yang luas (antar-desa/antar-kecamatan). Untuk keperluan tersebut disediakan tenaga pendamping yang bertugas memberikan bantuan teknis kepada masyarakat dan aparat pemerintah. Pendampingan terhadap aparat dilakukan dengan pelibatan dalam setiap proses pelaksanaan kegiatan sehingga aparat pemerintah berfungsi sebagai fasilitator yang demokratis dalam memberikan dukungan terhadap penciptaan kondisi yang kondusif bagi pencapaian tujuan kegiatan.
c. Pelestarian Manfaat Kegiatan
Pelestarian manfaat kegiatan didasarkan pada prinsip dari, oleh dan untuk masyarakat. Pengelolaan keberlanjutan P2DTK di daerah dilakukan oleh lembaga pemerintah yang kompeten sesuai dengan tugas dan tanggungjawabnya dalam pemulihan sosial ekonomi.

3. Pemantauan, Evaluasi dan Pelaporan
a. Tim Koordinasi Kecamatan (TK-Kecamatan), Tim Koordinasi Kabupaten (TK-Kabupaten), Tim Koordinasi Provinsi (TK-Provinsi), dan Tim Koordinasi Pusat (TK-Pusat) melakukan pemantauan dan evaluasi secara berkala dan insidentil serta mengambil langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk memperlancar pelaksanaan kegiatan dan pencapaian sasaran.
b. Pelaporan dalam rangka pengendalian dilaksanakan secara periodik dan berjenjang, terpadu, dan merupakan satu kesatuan dari sistem informasi manajemen yang terbuka, efektif dan efisien

4. Pengendalian dan Pengawasan
Pengendalian dan pengawasan selama proses persiapan, pelaksanaan dan pelestarian manfaat kegiatan, pada prinsipnya harus dikembangkan dan dilakukan sendiri oleh masyarakat. Di samping itu, pengawasan juga dilakukan oleh aparat pengawasan fungsional.

Pendanaan
1. Sumber Dana
Sumber dana berasal dari pemerintah (Rupiah Murni APBN, APBD dan Pinjaman Luar Negeri) dan masyarakat (swasta dan swadaya masyarakat). Alokasi dana hibah yang disalurkan pada masyarakat diharapkan berlangsung secara cepat dalam proses pencairannya, namun tetap berdasarkan proses pemberdayaan dan keswadayaan masyarakat, di lokasi program tersebut. Hal ini merupakan proses pembelajaran bersama antara seluruh elemen masyarakat di daerah tersebut yang dapat meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam perencanaan dan pengelolaan pembangunan secara mandiri dan bertanggungjawab.

2. Alokasi Dana
a. Berdasarkan penetapan lokasi kecamatan dan kabupaten, Bappenas dan Departemen Keuangan menerbitkan DIPA yang berlaku sebagai Surat Keputusan Otorisasi (SKO).
b. Alokasi dana P2DTK dicatat pada Daftar Pembukuan Administrasi APBD.
c. Dalam rangka pembinaan P2DTK, dialokasikan dana Pembinaan dan Administrasi Program (PAP) yang bersumber dari APBN dan APBD.
d. Alokasi bantuan dana hibah P2DTK terdiri dari :
* Alokasi dana P2DTK ditetapkan antara Rp 500 juta s.d. Rp 1 Milyar per-kecamatan per-tahun berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Adapun setiap kecamatan direncanakan akan mendapat bantuan tiga kali dalam tiga tahun.
* Alokasi dana untuk kabupaten ditetapkan antara Rp 2-5 milyar per kabupaten per-tahun berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Adapun setiap kabupaten direncanakan akan mendapat bantuan tiga kali dalam tiga tahun.

3. Penyaluran Dana
Petunjuk penyaluran dana yang berasal dari pemerintah mengikuti ketentuan yang diatur dalam Surat Edaran Direktur Jenderal Anggaran dan Perimbangan Keuangan dari Departemen Keuangan.

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